# Audio Embedding with Neural Network Fingerprint

*Author: [Jael Gu](https://github.com/jaelgu)*

<br />

## Description

The audio embedding operator converts an input audio into a dense vector which can be used to represent the audio clip's semantics.
Each vector represents for an audio clip with a fixed length of around 1s.
This operator generates audio embeddings with fingerprinting method introduced by [Neural Audio Fingerprint](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11910).
The model is implemented in Pytorch.
We've also trained the nnfp model with [FMA dataset](https://github.com/mdeff/fma) (& some noise audio) and shared weights in this operator.
The nnfp operator is suitable for audio fingerprinting.

<br />

## Code Example

Generate embeddings for the audio "test.wav".

*Write a pipeline with explicit inputs/outputs name specifications:*

```python
from towhee import pipe, ops, DataCollection

p = (
    pipe.input('path')
        .map('path', 'frame', ops.audio_decode.ffmpeg())
        .map('frame', 'vecs', ops.audio_embedding.nnfp(device='cpu'))
        .output('path', 'vecs')
)

DataCollection(p('test.wav')).show()
```
<img src="./result.png" width="800px"/>

<br />

## Factory Constructor

Create the operator via the following factory method

***audio_embedding.nnfp(model_name='nnfp_default', model_path=None, framework='pytorch')***

**Parameters:**

*model_name: str*

Model name to create nnfp model with different parameters.

*model_path: str*

The path to model. If None, it will load default model weights.

*framework: str*

The framework of model implementation.
Default value is "pytorch" since the model is implemented in Pytorch.

<br />

## Interface

An audio embedding operator generates vectors in numpy.ndarray given towhee audio frames.

***\_\_call\_\_(data)***

**Parameters:**

*data: List[towhee.types.audio_frame.AudioFrame]*

Input audio data is a list of towhee audio frames.
The audio input should be at least 1s.

**Returns**:

*numpy.ndarray*

Audio embeddings in shape (num_clips, 128).
Each embedding stands for features of an audio clip with length of 1s.

<br />

***save_model(format='pytorch', path='default')***

**Parameters:**

*format: str*

Format used to save model, defaults to 'pytorch'.
Accepted formats: 'pytorch', 'torchscript, 'onnx', 'tensorrt' (in progress)

*path: str*

Path to save model, defaults to 'default'.
The default path is under 'saved' in the same directory of operator cache.

```python
from towhee import ops

op = ops.audio_embedding.nnfp(device='cpu').get_op()
op.save_model('onnx', 'test.onnx')
```
    PosixPath('/Home/.towhee/operators/audio-embedding/nnfp/main/test.onnx')

## Fine-tune
To fine-tune this operator, please refer to [this example guide](https://github.com/towhee-io/examples/blob/main/fine_tune/7_fine_tune_audio_embedding_operator.ipynb).

# More Resources

- [Scalar Quantization and Product Quantization - Zilliz blog](https://zilliz.com/learn/scalar-quantization-and-product-quantization): A hands-on dive into scalar quantization (integer quantization) and product quantization with Python.
- [How to Get the Right Vector Embeddings - Zilliz blog](https://zilliz.com/blog/how-to-get-the-right-vector-embeddings): A comprehensive introduction to vector embeddings and how to generate them with popular open-source models.
- [Audio Retrieval Based on Milvus - Zilliz blog](https://zilliz.com/blog/audio-retrieval-based-on-milvus): Create an audio retrieval system using Milvus, an open-source vector database. Classify and analyze sound data in real time.
- [Vector Database Use Case: Audio Similarity Search - Zilliz](https://zilliz.com/vector-database-use-cases/audio-similarity-search): Building agile and reliable audio similarity search with Zilliz vector database (fully managed Milvus).
- [Neural Networks and Embeddings for Language Models - Zilliz blog](https://zilliz.com/learn/Neural-Networks-and-Embeddings-for-Language-Models): Exploring neural network language models, specifically recurrent neural networks, and taking a sneak peek at how embeddings are generated.
- [Understanding Neural Network Embeddings - Zilliz blog](https://zilliz.com/learn/understanding-neural-network-embeddings): This article is dedicated to going a bit more in-depth into embeddings/embedding vectors, along with how they are used in modern ML algorithms and pipelines.